Seismic refraction is a useful geophysical method used in the fields of engineering geology, geotechnical engineering, and exploration geophysics. The seismic refraction method utilizes the refraction of seismic waves at the interface between subsurface/geological layers in order to characterize the subsurface geological structure and rock properties.

Seismic refraction utilizes hammer/gun/explosive source at the surface and records earth responses via an array of geophones or hydrophones. The travel-times of first arrivals are derived from the data and then processed to develop 2D/3D subsurface models.

Applications:
• Mapping bedrock tomography and overburden thickness
• Locating buried channels
• Investigating faults, sinkholes and other geohazards
• Landfill investigation
• Estimation of depth to water table
• Estimation of rock rippability

Benefits:
• Cost Effective
• Non-invasive and environmentally friendly
• Can be performed on both land and water-covered area

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